Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and advanced civil rights.-
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Recognized a woman's right to choose abortion.
Based on the constitutional right to privacy. -
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Required police to inform suspects of their constitutional rights before being interrogated by law enforcement. Established the now-famous "Miranda warning." -
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established the principle of judicial review.
Gave courts power to strike down unconstitutional laws. -
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Guaranteed the right to a free attorney in criminal cases.
Expanded Sixth Amendment protections to state courts trials. -
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Limited executive privilege for officials in criminal investigations. -
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Legalized same-sex marriage in all 50 states.
Grounded in the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. -
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Protected flag burning as free speech.
Ruled under the First Amendment. -
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Upheld racial segregation under "separate but equal."
Later overturned by Brown v. Board of Education. -
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Ruled that African Americans descent couldn’t be U.S. citizens whether enslaved or free, and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Intensified tensions leading to the Civil War. -
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Struck down laws banning interracial marriage.
Upheld marriage as a fundamental right. -
The Nuremberg Trials (1945–46)
Tried Nazi leaders for war crimes after WWII.
Established international law on crimes against humanity. -
The Trial of Socrates (399 BC)
Socrates was sentenced to death for impiety and corrupting youth.
A landmark in the history of law and civic duty.
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